Sprains and strains: Ligament sprains and muscle strains are common causes of foot and ankle pain. These injuries can occur due to sudden twisting or rolling of the ankle, overuse, or repetitive strain.

Fractures: Fractures or broken bones in the foot or ankle can cause significant pain, swelling, and difficulty bearing weight. These fractures can result from accidents, falls, or sports-related trauma.

Plantar fasciitis: Plantar fasciitis is inflammation of the plantar fascia, a thick band of tissue that runs along the bottom of the foot. It commonly causes heel pain, especially with the first steps in the morning or after periods of inactivity.

Achilles tendinitis: Achilles tendinitis is inflammation of the Achilles tendon, which connects the calf muscles to the heel bone. It often occurs due to overuse or repetitive strain and can cause pain, swelling, and stiffness in the back of the ankle.

Ankle arthritis: Arthritis can affect the ankle joint, leading to pain, stiffness, and reduced range of motion. Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis are the most common forms of arthritis that can affect the ankle.

Tarsal tunnel syndrome: Tarsal tunnel syndrome is a condition where the posterior tibial nerve, which runs along the inside of the ankle, becomes compressed or irritated. It can cause pain, tingling, or numbness in the foot and ankle.

Flat feet or high arches: Abnormal foot arches, such as flat feet (overpronation) or high arches (underpronation), can lead to foot and ankle pain. These conditions can contribute to biomechanical imbalances and increase stress on certain structures of the foot and ankle.

Metatarsalgia: Metatarsalgia is pain and inflammation in the ball of the foot, often caused by excessive pressure or overuse. It can be associated with activities that involve running, jumping, or wearing improper footwear.

Gout: Gout is a form of arthritis that occurs due to the buildup of uric acid crystals in the joints, commonly affecting the big toe. It can cause sudden and severe pain, swelling, and redness in the affected joint.

Other causes: Other factors that can contribute to foot and ankle pain include Achilles tendon rupture, stress fractures, Morton's neuroma, sesamoiditis, bursitis, nerve impingement, or referred pain from other areas.